TCG Intermediate Representation

Introduction

TCG (Tiny Code Generator) began as a generic backend for a C compiler. It was simplified to be used in QEMU. It also has its roots in the QOP code generator written by Paul Brook.

Definitions

The TCG target is the architecture for which we generate the code. It is of course not the same as the “target” of QEMU which is the emulated architecture. As TCG started as a generic C backend used for cross compiling, the assumption was that TCG target might be different from the host, although this is never the case for QEMU.

In this document, we use guest to specify what architecture we are emulating; target always means the TCG target, the machine on which we are running QEMU.

An operation with undefined behavior may result in a crash.

An operation with unspecified behavior shall not crash. However, the result may be one of several possibilities so may be considered an undefined result.

Basic Blocks

A TCG basic block is a single entry, multiple exit region which corresponds to a list of instructions terminated by a label, or any branch instruction.

A TCG extended basic block is a single entry, multiple exit region which corresponds to a list of instructions terminated by a label or an unconditional branch. Specifically, an extended basic block is a sequence of basic blocks connected by the fall-through paths of zero or more conditional branch instructions.

Operations

TCG instructions or ops operate on TCG variables, both of which are strongly typed. Each instruction has a fixed number of output variable operands, input variable operands and constant operands. Vector instructions have a field specifying the element size within the vector. The notable exception is the call instruction which has a variable number of outputs and inputs.

In the textual form, output operands usually come first, followed by input operands, followed by constant operands. The output type is included in the instruction name. Constants are prefixed with a ‘$’.

add_i32 t0, t1, t2    /* (t0 <- t1 + t2) */

Variables

  • TEMP_FIXED

    There is one TCG fixed global variable, cpu_env, which is live in all translation blocks, and holds a pointer to CPUArchState. This variable is held in a host cpu register at all times in all translation blocks.

  • TEMP_GLOBAL

    A TCG global is a variable which is live in all translation blocks, and corresponds to memory location that is within CPUArchState. These may be specified as an offset from cpu_env, in which case they are called direct globals, or may be specified as an offset from a direct global, in which case they are called indirect globals. Even indirect globals should still reference memory within CPUArchState. All TCG globals are defined during TCGCPUOps.initialize, before any translation blocks are generated.

  • TEMP_CONST

    A TCG constant is a variable which is live throughout the entire translation block, and contains a constant value. These variables are allocated on demand during translation and are hashed so that there is exactly one variable holding a given value.

  • TEMP_TB

    A TCG translation block temporary is a variable which is live throughout the entire translation block, but dies on any exit. These temporaries are allocated explicitly during translation.

  • TEMP_EBB

    A TCG extended basic block temporary is a variable which is live throughout an extended basic block, but dies on any exit. These temporaries are allocated explicitly during translation.

Types

  • TCG_TYPE_I32

    A 32-bit integer.

  • TCG_TYPE_I64

    A 64-bit integer. For 32-bit hosts, such variables are split into a pair of variables with type=TCG_TYPE_I32 and base_type=TCG_TYPE_I64. The temp_subindex for each indicates where it falls within the host-endian representation.

  • TCG_TYPE_PTR

    An alias for TCG_TYPE_I32 or TCG_TYPE_I64, depending on the size of a pointer for the host.

  • TCG_TYPE_REG

    An alias for TCG_TYPE_I32 or TCG_TYPE_I64, depending on the size of the integer registers for the host. This may be larger than TCG_TYPE_PTR depending on the host ABI.

  • TCG_TYPE_I128

    A 128-bit integer. For all hosts, such variables are split into a number of variables with type=TCG_TYPE_REG and base_type=TCG_TYPE_I128. The temp_subindex for each indicates where it falls within the host-endian representation.

  • TCG_TYPE_V64

    A 64-bit vector. This type is valid only if the TCG target sets TCG_TARGET_HAS_v64.

  • TCG_TYPE_V128

    A 128-bit vector. This type is valid only if the TCG target sets TCG_TARGET_HAS_v128.

  • TCG_TYPE_V256

    A 256-bit vector. This type is valid only if the TCG target sets TCG_TARGET_HAS_v256.

Helpers

Helpers are registered in a guest-specific helper.h, which is processed to generate tcg_gen_helper_* functions. With these functions it is possible to call a function taking i32, i64, i128 or pointer types.

By default, before calling a helper, all globals are stored at their canonical location. By default, the helper is allowed to modify the CPU state (including the state represented by tcg globals) or may raise an exception. This default can be overridden using the following function modifiers:

  • TCG_CALL_NO_WRITE_GLOBALS

    The helper does not modify any globals, but may read them. Globals will be saved to their canonical location before calling helpers, but need not be reloaded afterwards.

  • TCG_CALL_NO_READ_GLOBALS

    The helper does not read globals, either directly or via an exception. They will not be saved to their canonical locations before calling the helper. This implies TCG_CALL_NO_WRITE_GLOBALS.

  • TCG_CALL_NO_SIDE_EFFECTS

    The call to the helper function may be removed if the return value is not used. This means that it may not modify any CPU state nor may it raise an exception.

Code Optimizations

When generating instructions, you can count on at least the following optimizations:

  • Single instructions are simplified, e.g.

    and_i32 t0, t0, $0xffffffff

    is suppressed.

  • A liveness analysis is done at the basic block level. The information is used to suppress moves from a dead variable to another one. It is also used to remove instructions which compute dead results. The later is especially useful for condition code optimization in QEMU.

    In the following example:

    add_i32 t0, t1, t2
add_i32 t0, t0, $1
mov_i32 t0, $1

    only the last instruction is kept.

Instruction Reference

Function call

call <ret> <params> ptr
call function ‘ptr’ (pointer type)

<ret> optional 32 bit or 64 bit return value
<params> optional 32 bit or 64 bit parameters

Jumps/Labels

set_label $label
Define label ‘label’ at the current program point.

br $label
Jump to label.

brcond_i32/i64 t0, t1, cond, label
Conditional jump if t0 cond t1 is true. cond can be:

TCG_COND_EQ
TCG_COND_NE
TCG_COND_LT /* signed */
TCG_COND_GE /* signed */
TCG_COND_LE /* signed */
TCG_COND_GT /* signed */
TCG_COND_LTU /* unsigned */
TCG_COND_GEU /* unsigned */
TCG_COND_LEU /* unsigned */
TCG_COND_GTU /* unsigned */

Arithmetic

add_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 + t2

sub_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 - t2

neg_i32/i64 t0, t1
t0 = -t1 (two’s complement)

mul_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 * t2

div_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 / t2 (signed)
Undefined behavior if division by zero or overflow.

divu_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 / t2 (unsigned)
Undefined behavior if division by zero.

rem_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 % t2 (signed)
Undefined behavior if division by zero or overflow.

remu_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 % t2 (unsigned)
Undefined behavior if division by zero.

Logical

and_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 & t2

or_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 | t2

xor_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 ^ t2

not_i32/i64 t0, t1
t0 = ~t1

andc_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 & ~t2

eqv_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = ~(t1 ^ t2), or equivalently, t0 = t1 ^ ~t2

nand_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = ~(t1 & t2)

nor_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = ~(t1 | t2)

orc_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 | ~t2

clz_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 ? clz(t1) : t2

ctz_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 ? ctz(t1) : t2

ctpop_i32/i64 t0, t1
t0 = number of bits set in t1

With ctpop short for “count population”, matching
the function name used in include/qemu/host-utils.h.

Shifts/Rotates

shl_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 << t2
Unspecified behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)

shr_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 >> t2 (unsigned)
Unspecified behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)

sar_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
t0 = t1 >> t2 (signed)
Unspecified behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)

rotl_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
Rotation of t2 bits to the left
Unspecified behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)

rotr_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
Rotation of t2 bits to the right.
Unspecified behavior if t2 < 0 or t2 >= 32 (resp 64)

Misc

mov_i32/i64 t0, t1
t0 = t1
Move t1 to t0 (both operands must have the same type).

ext8s_i32/i64 t0, t1

ext8u_i32/i64 t0, t1

ext16s_i32/i64 t0, t1

ext16u_i32/i64 t0, t1

ext32s_i64 t0, t1

ext32u_i64 t0, t1
8, 16 or 32 bit sign/zero extension (both operands must have the same type)

bswap16_i32/i64 t0, t1, flags
16 bit byte swap on the low bits of a 32/64 bit input.

If flags & TCG_BSWAP_IZ, then t1 is known to be zero-extended from bit 15.
If flags & TCG_BSWAP_OZ, then t0 will be zero-extended from bit 15.
If flags & TCG_BSWAP_OS, then t0 will be sign-extended from bit 15.

If neither TCG_BSWAP_OZ nor TCG_BSWAP_OS are set, then the bits of t0 above bit 15 may contain any value.

bswap32_i64 t0, t1, flags
32 bit byte swap on a 64-bit value. The flags are the same as for bswap16, except they apply from bit 31 instead of bit 15.

bswap32_i32 t0, t1, flags

bswap64_i64 t0, t1, flags
32/64 bit byte swap. The flags are ignored, but still present for consistency with the other bswap opcodes.

discard_i32/i64 t0
Indicate that the value of t0 won’t be used later. It is useful to force dead code elimination.

deposit_i32/i64 dest, t1, t2, pos, len
Deposit t2 as a bitfield into t1, placing the result in dest.

The bitfield is described by pos/len, which are immediate values:

len - the length of the bitfield
pos - the position of the first bit, counting from the LSB

For example, “deposit_i32 dest, t1, t2, 8, 4” indicates a 4-bit field at bit 8. This operation would be equivalent to

dest = (t1 & ~0x0f00) | ((t2 << 8) & 0x0f00)

extract_i32/i64 dest, t1, pos, len

sextract_i32/i64 dest, t1, pos, len
Extract a bitfield from t1, placing the result in dest.

The bitfield is described by pos/len, which are immediate values, as above for deposit. For extract_*, the result will be extended to the left with zeros; for sextract_*, the result will be extended to the left with copies of the bitfield sign bit at pos + len - 1.

For example, “sextract_i32 dest, t1, 8, 4” indicates a 4-bit field at bit 8. This operation would be equivalent to

dest = (t1 << 20) >> 28

(using an arithmetic right shift).

extract2_i32/i64 dest, t1, t2, pos
For N = {32,64}, extract an N-bit quantity from the concatenation of t2:t1, beginning at pos. The tcg_gen_extract2_{i32,i64} expander accepts 0 <= pos <= N as inputs. The backend code generator will not see either 0 or N as inputs for these opcodes.

extrl_i64_i32 t0, t1
For 64-bit hosts only, extract the low 32-bits of input t1 and place it into 32-bit output t0. Depending on the host, this may be a simple move, or may require additional canonicalization.

extrh_i64_i32 t0, t1
For 64-bit hosts only, extract the high 32-bits of input t1 and place it into 32-bit output t0. Depending on the host, this may be a simple shift, or may require additional canonicalization.

Conditional moves

setcond_i32/i64 dest, t1, t2, cond
dest = (t1 cond t2)

Set dest to 1 if (t1 cond t2) is true, otherwise set to 0.

negsetcond_i32/i64 dest, t1, t2, cond
dest = -(t1 cond t2)

Set dest to -1 if (t1 cond t2) is true, otherwise set to 0.

movcond_i32/i64 dest, c1, c2, v1, v2, cond
dest = (c1 cond c2 ? v1 : v2)

Set dest to v1 if (c1 cond c2) is true, otherwise set to v2.

Type conversions

ext_i32_i64 t0, t1
Convert t1 (32 bit) to t0 (64 bit) and does sign extension

extu_i32_i64 t0, t1
Convert t1 (32 bit) to t0 (64 bit) and does zero extension

trunc_i64_i32 t0, t1
Truncate t1 (64 bit) to t0 (32 bit)

concat_i32_i64 t0, t1, t2
Construct t0 (64-bit) taking the low half from t1 (32 bit) and the high half from t2 (32 bit).

concat32_i64 t0, t1, t2
Construct t0 (64-bit) taking the low half from t1 (64 bit) and the high half from t2 (64 bit).

Load/Store

ld_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset

ld8s_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset

ld8u_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset

ld16s_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset

ld16u_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset

ld32s_i64 t0, t1, offset

ld32u_i64 t0, t1, offset
t0 = read(t1 + offset)

Load 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits with or without sign extension from host memory. offset must be a constant.

st_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset

st8_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset

st16_i32/i64 t0, t1, offset

st32_i64 t0, t1, offset
write(t0, t1 + offset)

Write 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits to host memory.

All this opcodes assume that the pointed host memory doesn’t correspond to a global. In the latter case the behaviour is unpredictable.

Multiword arithmetic support

add2_i32/i64 t0_low, t0_high, t1_low, t1_high, t2_low, t2_high

sub2_i32/i64 t0_low, t0_high, t1_low, t1_high, t2_low, t2_high
Similar to add/sub, except that the double-word inputs t1 and t2 are formed from two single-word arguments, and the double-word output t0 is returned in two single-word outputs.

mulu2_i32/i64 t0_low, t0_high, t1, t2
Similar to mul, except two unsigned inputs t1 and t2 yielding the full double-word product t0. The latter is returned in two single-word outputs.

muls2_i32/i64 t0_low, t0_high, t1, t2
Similar to mulu2, except the two inputs t1 and t2 are signed.

mulsh_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2

muluh_i32/i64 t0, t1, t2
Provide the high part of a signed or unsigned multiply, respectively.

If mulu2/muls2 are not provided by the backend, the tcg-op generator can obtain the same results by emitting a pair of opcodes, mul + muluh/mulsh.

Memory Barrier support

mb <$arg>
Generate a target memory barrier instruction to ensure memory ordering as being enforced by a corresponding guest memory barrier instruction.

The ordering enforced by the backend may be stricter than the ordering required by the guest. It cannot be weaker. This opcode takes a constant argument which is required to generate the appropriate barrier instruction. The backend should take care to emit the target barrier instruction only when necessary i.e., for SMP guests and when MTTCG is enabled.

The guest translators should generate this opcode for all guest instructions which have ordering side effects.

Please see Atomic operations in QEMU for more information on memory barriers.

64-bit guest on 32-bit host support

The following opcodes are internal to TCG. Thus they are to be implemented by 32-bit host code generators, but are not to be emitted by guest translators. They are emitted as needed by inline functions within tcg-op.h.

brcond2_i32 t0_low, t0_high, t1_low, t1_high, cond, label
Similar to brcond, except that the 64-bit values t0 and t1 are formed from two 32-bit arguments.

setcond2_i32 dest, t1_low, t1_high, t2_low, t2_high, cond
Similar to setcond, except that the 64-bit values t1 and t2 are formed from two 32-bit arguments. The result is a 32-bit value.

QEMU specific operations

exit_tb t0
Exit the current TB and return the value t0 (word type).

goto_tb index
Exit the current TB and jump to the TB index index (constant) if the current TB was linked to this TB. Otherwise execute the next instructions. Only indices 0 and 1 are valid and tcg_gen_goto_tb may be issued at most once with each slot index per TB.

lookup_and_goto_ptr tb_addr
Look up a TB address tb_addr and jump to it if valid. If not valid, jump to the TCG epilogue to go back to the exec loop.

This operation is optional. If the TCG backend does not implement the goto_ptr opcode, emitting this op is equivalent to emitting exit_tb(0).

qemu_ld_i32/i64/i128 t0, t1, flags, memidx

qemu_st_i32/i64/i128 t0, t1, flags, memidx

qemu_st8_i32 t0, t1, flags, memidx
Load data at the guest address t1 into t0, or store data in t0 at guest address t1. The _i32/_i64/_i128 size applies to the size of the input/output register t0 only. The address t1 is always sized according to the guest, and the width of the memory operation is controlled by flags.

Both t0 and t1 may be split into little-endian ordered pairs of registers if dealing with 64-bit quantities on a 32-bit host, or 128-bit quantities on a 64-bit host.

The memidx selects the qemu tlb index to use (e.g. user or kernel access). The flags are the MemOp bits, selecting the sign, width, and endianness of the memory access.

For a 32-bit host, qemu_ld/st_i64 is guaranteed to only be used with a 64-bit memory access specified in flags.

For qemu_ld/st_i128, these are only supported for a 64-bit host.

For i386, qemu_st8_i32 is exactly like qemu_st_i32, except the size of the memory operation is known to be 8-bit. This allows the backend to provide a different set of register constraints.

Host vector operations

All of the vector ops have two parameters, TCGOP_VECL & TCGOP_VECE. The former specifies the length of the vector in log2 64-bit units; the latter specifies the length of the element (if applicable) in log2 8-bit units. E.g. VECL = 1 -> 64 << 1 -> v128, and VECE = 2 -> 1 << 2 -> i32.

mov_vec v0, v1

ld_vec v0, t1

st_vec v0, t1
Move, load and store.

dup_vec v0, r1
Duplicate the low N bits of r1 into VECL/VECE copies across v0.

dupi_vec v0, c
Similarly, for a constant.
Smaller values will be replicated to host register size by the expanders.

dup2_vec v0, r1, r2
Duplicate r2:r1 into VECL/64 copies across v0. This opcode is only present for 32-bit hosts.

add_vec v0, v1, v2
v0 = v1 + v2, in elements across the vector.

sub_vec v0, v1, v2
Similarly, v0 = v1 - v2.

mul_vec v0, v1, v2
Similarly, v0 = v1 * v2.

neg_vec v0, v1
Similarly, v0 = -v1.

abs_vec v0, v1
Similarly, v0 = v1 < 0 ? -v1 : v1, in elements across the vector.

smin_vec v0, v1, v2

umin_vec v0, v1, v2
Similarly, v0 = MIN(v1, v2), for signed and unsigned element types.

smax_vec v0, v1, v2

umax_vec v0, v1, v2
Similarly, v0 = MAX(v1, v2), for signed and unsigned element types.

ssadd_vec v0, v1, v2

sssub_vec v0, v1, v2

usadd_vec v0, v1, v2

ussub_vec v0, v1, v2
Signed and unsigned saturating addition and subtraction.

If the true result is not representable within the element type, the element is set to the minimum or maximum value for the type.

and_vec v0, v1, v2

or_vec v0, v1, v2

xor_vec v0, v1, v2

andc_vec v0, v1, v2

orc_vec v0, v1, v2

not_vec v0, v1
Similarly, logical operations with and without complement.

Note that VECE is unused.

shli_vec v0, v1, i2

shls_vec v0, v1, s2
Shift all elements from v1 by a scalar i2/s2. I.e.
for (i = 0; i < VECL/VECE; ++i) {
    v0[i] = v1[i] << s2;
}

shri_vec v0, v1, i2

sari_vec v0, v1, i2

rotli_vec v0, v1, i2

shrs_vec v0, v1, s2

sars_vec v0, v1, s2
Similarly for logical and arithmetic right shift, and left rotate.

shlv_vec v0, v1, v2
Shift elements from v1 by elements from v2. I.e.
for (i = 0; i < VECL/VECE; ++i) {
    v0[i] = v1[i] << v2[i];
}

shrv_vec v0, v1, v2

sarv_vec v0, v1, v2

rotlv_vec v0, v1, v2

rotrv_vec v0, v1, v2
Similarly for logical and arithmetic right shift, and rotates.

cmp_vec v0, v1, v2, cond
Compare vectors by element, storing -1 for true and 0 for false.

bitsel_vec v0, v1, v2, v3
Bitwise select, v0 = (v2 & v1) | (v3 & ~v1), across the entire vector.

cmpsel_vec v0, c1, c2, v3, v4, cond
Select elements based on comparison results:
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
    v0[i] = (c1[i] cond c2[i]) ? v3[i] : v4[i].
}

Note 1: Some shortcuts are defined when the last operand is known to be a constant (e.g. addi for add, movi for mov).

Note 2: When using TCG, the opcodes must never be generated directly as some of them may not be available as “real” opcodes. Always use the function tcg_gen_xxx(args).

Backend

tcg-target.h contains the target specific definitions. tcg-target.c.inc contains the target specific code; it is #included by tcg/tcg.c, rather than being a standalone C file.

Assumptions

The target word size (TCG_TARGET_REG_BITS) is expected to be 32 bit or 64 bit. It is expected that the pointer has the same size as the word.

On a 32 bit target, all 64 bit operations are converted to 32 bits. A few specific operations must be implemented to allow it (see add2_i32, sub2_i32, brcond2_i32).

On a 64 bit target, the values are transferred between 32 and 64-bit registers using the following ops:

  • extrl_i64_i32

  • extrh_i64_i32

  • ext_i32_i64

  • extu_i32_i64

They ensure that the values are correctly truncated or extended when moved from a 32-bit to a 64-bit register or vice-versa. Note that the extrl_i64_i32 and extrh_i64_i32 are optional ops. It is not necessary to implement them if all the following conditions are met:

  • 64-bit registers can hold 32-bit values

  • 32-bit values in a 64-bit register do not need to stay zero or sign extended

  • all 32-bit TCG ops ignore the high part of 64-bit registers

Floating point operations are not supported in this version. A previous incarnation of the code generator had full support of them, but it is better to concentrate on integer operations first.

Constraints

GCC like constraints are used to define the constraints of every instruction. Memory constraints are not supported in this version. Aliases are specified in the input operands as for GCC.

The same register may be used for both an input and an output, even when they are not explicitly aliased. If an op expands to multiple target instructions then care must be taken to avoid clobbering input values. GCC style “early clobber” outputs are supported, with ‘&’.

A target can define specific register or constant constraints. If an operation uses a constant input constraint which does not allow all constants, it must also accept registers in order to have a fallback. The constraint ‘i’ is defined generically to accept any constant. The constraint ‘r’ is not defined generically, but is consistently used by each backend to indicate all registers.

The movi_i32 and movi_i64 operations must accept any constants.

The mov_i32 and mov_i64 operations must accept any registers of the same type.

The ld/st/sti instructions must accept signed 32 bit constant offsets. This can be implemented by reserving a specific register in which to compute the address if the offset is too big.

The ld/st instructions must accept any destination (ld) or source (st) register.

The sti instruction may fail if it cannot store the given constant.

Function call assumptions

  • The only supported types for parameters and return value are: 32 and 64 bit integers and pointer.

  • The stack grows downwards.

  • The first N parameters are passed in registers.

  • The next parameters are passed on the stack by storing them as words.

  • Some registers are clobbered during the call.

  • The function can return 0 or 1 value in registers. On a 32 bit target, functions must be able to return 2 values in registers for 64 bit return type.