Migration¶

QEMU has code to load/save the state of the guest that it is running. These are two complementary operations. Saving the state just does that, saves the state for each device that the guest is running. Restoring a guest is just the opposite operation: we need to load the state of each device.

For this to work, QEMU has to be launched with the same arguments the two times. I.e. it can only restore the state in one guest that has the same devices that the one it was saved (this last requirement can be relaxed a bit, but for now we can consider that configuration has to be exactly the same).

Once that we are able to save/restore a guest, a new functionality is requested: migration. This means that QEMU is able to start in one machine and being “migrated” to another machine. I.e. being moved to another machine.

Next was the “live migration” functionality. This is important because some guests run with a lot of state (specially RAM), and it can take a while to move all state from one machine to another. Live migration allows the guest to continue running while the state is transferred. Only while the last part of the state is transferred has the guest to be stopped. Typically the time that the guest is unresponsive during live migration is the low hundred of milliseconds (notice that this depends on a lot of things).

Transports¶

The migration stream is normally just a byte stream that can be passed over any transport.

tcp migration: do the migration using tcp sockets
unix migration: do the migration using unix sockets
exec migration: do the migration using the stdin/stdout through a process.
fd migration: do the migration using a file descriptor that is passed to QEMU. QEMU doesn’t care how this file descriptor is opened.

In addition, support is included for migration using RDMA, which transports the page data using RDMA, where the hardware takes care of transporting the pages, and the load on the CPU is much lower. While the internals of RDMA migration are a bit different, this isn’t really visible outside the RAM migration code.

All these migration protocols use the same infrastructure to save/restore state devices. This infrastructure is shared with the savevm/loadvm functionality.

Debugging¶

The migration stream can be analyzed thanks to scripts/analyze-migration.py.

Example usage:

$ qemu-system-x86_64 -display none -monitor stdio
(qemu) migrate "exec:cat > mig"
(qemu) q
$ ./scripts/analyze-migration.py -f mig
{
  "ram (3)": {
      "section sizes": {
          "pc.ram": "0x0000000008000000",
...

See also analyze-migration.py -h help for more options.

Common infrastructure¶

The files, sockets or fd’s that carry the migration stream are abstracted by the QEMUFile type (see migration/qemu-file.h). In most cases this is connected to a subtype of QIOChannel (see io/).

Saving the state of one device¶

For most devices, the state is saved in a single call to the migration infrastructure; these are non-iterative devices. The data for these devices is sent at the end of precopy migration, when the CPUs are paused. There are also iterative devices, which contain a very large amount of data (e.g. RAM or large tables). See the iterative device section below.

General advice for device developers¶

The migration state saved should reflect the device being modelled rather than the way your implementation works. That way if you change the implementation later the migration stream will stay compatible. That model may include internal state that’s not directly visible in a register.
When saving a migration stream the device code may walk and check the state of the device. These checks might fail in various ways (e.g. discovering internal state is corrupt or that the guest has done something bad). Consider carefully before asserting/aborting at this point, since the normal response from users is that migration broke their VM since it had apparently been running fine until then. In these error cases, the device should log a message indicating the cause of error, and should consider putting the device into an error state, allowing the rest of the VM to continue execution.
The migration might happen at an inconvenient point, e.g. right in the middle of the guest reprogramming the device, during guest reboot or shutdown or while the device is waiting for external IO. It’s strongly preferred that migrations do not fail in this situation, since in the cloud environment migrations might happen automatically to VMs that the administrator doesn’t directly control.
If you do need to fail a migration, ensure that sufficient information is logged to identify what went wrong.
The destination should treat an incoming migration stream as hostile (which we do to varying degrees in the existing code). Check that offsets into buffers and the like can’t cause overruns. Fail the incoming migration in the case of a corrupted stream like this.
Take care with internal device state or behaviour that might become migration version dependent. For example, the order of PCI capabilities is required to stay constant across migration. Another example would be that a special case handled by subsections (see below) might become much more common if a default behaviour is changed.
The state of the source should not be changed or destroyed by the outgoing migration. Migrations timing out or being failed by higher levels of management, or failures of the destination host are not unusual, and in that case the VM is restarted on the source. Note that the management layer can validly revert the migration even though the QEMU level of migration has succeeded as long as it does it before starting execution on the destination.
Buses and devices should be able to explicitly specify addresses when instantiated, and management tools should use those. For example, when hot adding USB devices it’s important to specify the ports and addresses, since implicit ordering based on the command line order may be different on the destination. This can result in the device state being loaded into the wrong device.

VMState¶

Most device data can be described using the VMSTATE macros (mostly defined in include/migration/vmstate.h).

An example (from hw/input/pckbd.c)

static const VMStateDescription vmstate_kbd = {
    .name = "pckbd",
    .version_id = 3,
    .minimum_version_id = 3,
    .fields = (VMStateField[]) {
        VMSTATE_UINT8(write_cmd, KBDState),
        VMSTATE_UINT8(status, KBDState),
        VMSTATE_UINT8(mode, KBDState),
        VMSTATE_UINT8(pending, KBDState),
        VMSTATE_END_OF_LIST()
    }
};

We are declaring the state with name “pckbd”. The version_id is 3, and the fields are 4 uint8_t in a KBDState structure. We registered this with:

vmstate_register(NULL, 0, &vmstate_kbd, s);

For devices that are qdev based, we can register the device in the class init function:

dc->vmsd = &vmstate_kbd_isa;

The VMState macros take care of ensuring that the device data section is formatted portably (normally big endian) and make some compile time checks against the types of the fields in the structures.

VMState macros can include other VMStateDescriptions to store substructures (see VMSTATE_STRUCT_), arrays (VMSTATE_ARRAY_) and variable length arrays (VMSTATE_VARRAY_). Various other macros exist for special cases.

Note that the format on the wire is still very raw; i.e. a VMSTATE_UINT32 ends up with a 4 byte bigendian representation on the wire; in the future it might be possible to use a more structured format.

Legacy way¶

This way is going to disappear as soon as all current users are ported to VMSTATE; although converting existing code can be tricky, and thus ‘soon’ is relative.

Each device has to register two functions, one to save the state and another to load the state back.

int register_savevm_live(const char *idstr,
                         int instance_id,
                         int version_id,
                         SaveVMHandlers *ops,
                         void *opaque);

Two functions in the ops structure are the save_state and load_state functions. Notice that load_state receives a version_id parameter to know what state format is receiving. save_state doesn’t have a version_id parameter because it always uses the latest version.

Note that because the VMState macros still save the data in a raw format, in many cases it’s possible to replace legacy code with a carefully constructed VMState description that matches the byte layout of the existing code.

Changing migration data structures¶

When we migrate a device, we save/load the state as a series of fields. Sometimes, due to bugs or new functionality, we need to change the state to store more/different information. Changing the migration state saved for a device can break migration compatibility unless care is taken to use the appropriate techniques. In general QEMU tries to maintain forward migration compatibility (i.e. migrating from QEMU n->n+1) and there are users who benefit from backward compatibility as well.

Subsections¶

The most common structure change is adding new data, e.g. when adding a newer form of device, or adding that state that you previously forgot to migrate. This is best solved using a subsection.

A subsection is “like” a device vmstate, but with a particularity, it has a Boolean function that tells if that values are needed to be sent or not. If this functions returns false, the subsection is not sent. Subsections have a unique name, that is looked for on the receiving side.

On the receiving side, if we found a subsection for a device that we don’t understand, we just fail the migration. If we understand all the subsections, then we load the state with success. There’s no check that a subsection is loaded, so a newer QEMU that knows about a subsection can (with care) load a stream from an older QEMU that didn’t send the subsection.

If the new data is only needed in a rare case, then the subsection can be made conditional on that case and the migration will still succeed to older QEMUs in most cases. This is OK for data that’s critical, but in some use cases it’s preferred that the migration should succeed even with the data missing. To support this the subsection can be connected to a device property and from there to a versioned machine type.

The ‘pre_load’ and ‘post_load’ functions on subsections are only called if the subsection is loaded.

One important note is that the outer post_load() function is called “after” loading all subsections, because a newer subsection could change the same value that it uses. A flag, and the combination of outer pre_load and post_load can be used to detect whether a subsection was loaded, and to fall back on default behaviour when the subsection isn’t present.

Example:

static bool ide_drive_pio_state_needed(void *opaque)
{
    IDEState *s = opaque;

    return ((s->status & DRQ_STAT) != 0)
        || (s->bus->error_status & BM_STATUS_PIO_RETRY);
}

const VMStateDescription vmstate_ide_drive_pio_state = {
    .name = "ide_drive/pio_state",
    .version_id = 1,
    .minimum_version_id = 1,
    .pre_save = ide_drive_pio_pre_save,
    .post_load = ide_drive_pio_post_load,
    .needed = ide_drive_pio_state_needed,
    .fields = (VMStateField[]) {
        VMSTATE_INT32(req_nb_sectors, IDEState),
        VMSTATE_VARRAY_INT32(io_buffer, IDEState, io_buffer_total_len, 1,
                             vmstate_info_uint8, uint8_t),
        VMSTATE_INT32(cur_io_buffer_offset, IDEState),
        VMSTATE_INT32(cur_io_buffer_len, IDEState),
        VMSTATE_UINT8(end_transfer_fn_idx, IDEState),
        VMSTATE_INT32(elementary_transfer_size, IDEState),
        VMSTATE_INT32(packet_transfer_size, IDEState),
        VMSTATE_END_OF_LIST()
    }
};

const VMStateDescription vmstate_ide_drive = {
    .name = "ide_drive",
    .version_id = 3,
    .minimum_version_id = 0,
    .post_load = ide_drive_post_load,
    .fields = (VMStateField[]) {
        .... several fields ....
        VMSTATE_END_OF_LIST()
    },
    .subsections = (const VMStateDescription*[]) {
        &vmstate_ide_drive_pio_state,
        NULL
    }
};

Here we have a subsection for the pio state. We only need to save/send this state when we are in the middle of a pio operation (that is what ide_drive_pio_state_needed() checks). If DRQ_STAT is not enabled, the values on that fields are garbage and don’t need to be sent.

Connecting subsections to properties¶

Using a condition function that checks a ‘property’ to determine whether to send a subsection allows backward migration compatibility when new subsections are added, especially when combined with versioned machine types.

For example:

Add a new property using DEFINE_PROP_BOOL - e.g. support-foo and default it to true.

Add an entry to the hw_compat_ for the previous version that sets the property to false.

Add a static bool support_foo function that tests the property.

Add a subsection with a .needed set to the support_foo function

(potentially) Add an outer pre_load that sets up a default value for ‘foo’ to be used if the subsection isn’t loaded.

Now that subsection will not be generated when using an older machine type and the migration stream will be accepted by older QEMU versions.

Not sending existing elements¶

Sometimes members of the VMState are no longer needed:

removing them will break migration compatibility

making them version dependent and bumping the version will break backward migration compatibility.

Adding a dummy field into the migration stream is normally the best way to preserve compatibility.

If the field really does need to be removed then:

Add a new property/compatibility/function in the same way for subsections above.

replace the VMSTATE macro with the _TEST version of the macro, e.g.:

VMSTATE_UINT32(foo, barstruct)

becomes

VMSTATE_UINT32_TEST(foo, barstruct, pre_version_baz)

Sometime in the future when we no longer care about the ancient versions these can be killed off. Note that for backward compatibility it’s important to fill in the structure with data that the destination will understand.

Any difference in the predicates on the source and destination will end up with different fields being enabled and data being loaded into the wrong fields; for this reason conditional fields like this are very fragile.

Versions¶

Version numbers are intended for major incompatible changes to the migration of a device, and using them breaks backward-migration compatibility; in general most changes can be made by adding Subsections (see above) or _TEST macros (see above) which won’t break compatibility.

Each version is associated with a series of fields saved. The save_state always saves the state as the newer version. But load_state sometimes is able to load state from an older version.

You can see that there are several version fields:

version_id: the maximum version_id supported by VMState for that device.
minimum_version_id: the minimum version_id that VMState is able to understand for that device.
minimum_version_id_old: For devices that were not able to port to vmstate, we can assign a function that knows how to read this old state. This field is ignored if there is no load_state_old handler.

VMState is able to read versions from minimum_version_id to version_id. And the function load_state_old() (if present) is able to load state from minimum_version_id_old to minimum_version_id. This function is deprecated and will be removed when no more users are left.

There are _V forms of many VMSTATE_ macros to load fields for version dependent fields, e.g.

VMSTATE_UINT16_V(ip_id, Slirp, 2),

only loads that field for versions 2 and newer.

Saving state will always create a section with the ‘version_id’ value and thus can’t be loaded by any older QEMU.

Massaging functions¶

Sometimes, it is not enough to be able to save the state directly from one structure, we need to fill the correct values there. One example is when we are using kvm. Before saving the cpu state, we need to ask kvm to copy to QEMU the state that it is using. And the opposite when we are loading the state, we need a way to tell kvm to load the state for the cpu that we have just loaded from the QEMUFile.

The functions to do that are inside a vmstate definition, and are called:

int (*pre_load)(void *opaque);

This function is called before we load the state of one device.
int (*post_load)(void *opaque, int version_id);

This function is called after we load the state of one device.
int (*pre_save)(void *opaque);

This function is called before we save the state of one device.
int (*post_save)(void *opaque);

This function is called after we save the state of one device (even upon failure, unless the call to pre_save returned an error).

Example: You can look at hpet.c, that uses the first three functions to massage the state that is transferred.

The VMSTATE_WITH_TMP macro may be useful when the migration data doesn’t match the stored device data well; it allows an intermediate temporary structure to be populated with migration data and then transferred to the main structure.

If you use memory API functions that update memory layout outside initialization (i.e., in response to a guest action), this is a strong indication that you need to call these functions in a post_load callback. Examples of such memory API functions are:

memory_region_add_subregion()

memory_region_del_subregion()

memory_region_set_readonly()

memory_region_set_nonvolatile()

memory_region_set_enabled()

memory_region_set_address()

memory_region_set_alias_offset()

Iterative device migration¶

Some devices, such as RAM, Block storage or certain platform devices, have large amounts of data that would mean that the CPUs would be paused for too long if they were sent in one section. For these devices an iterative approach is taken.

The iterative devices generally don’t use VMState macros (although it may be possible in some cases) and instead use qemu_put_*/qemu_get_* macros to read/write data to the stream. Specialist versions exist for high bandwidth IO.

An iterative device must provide:

A save_setup function that initialises the data structures and transmits a first section containing information on the device. In the case of RAM this transmits a list of RAMBlocks and sizes.

A load_setup function that initialises the data structures on the destination.

A save_live_pending function that is called repeatedly and must indicate how much more data the iterative data must save. The core migration code will use this to determine when to pause the CPUs and complete the migration.

A save_live_iterate function (called after save_live_pending when there is significant data still to be sent). It should send a chunk of data until the point that stream bandwidth limits tell it to stop. Each call generates one section.

A save_live_complete_precopy function that must transmit the last section for the device containing any remaining data.

A load_state function used to load sections generated by any of the save functions that generate sections.

cleanup functions for both save and load that are called at the end of migration.

Note that the contents of the sections for iterative migration tend to be open-coded by the devices; care should be taken in parsing the results and structuring the stream to make them easy to validate.

Device ordering¶

There are cases in which the ordering of device loading matters; for example in some systems where a device may assert an interrupt during loading, if the interrupt controller is loaded later then it might lose the state.

Some ordering is implicitly provided by the order in which the machine definition creates devices, however this is somewhat fragile.

The MigrationPriority enum provides a means of explicitly enforcing ordering. Numerically higher priorities are loaded earlier. The priority is set by setting the priority field of the top level VMStateDescription for the device.

Stream structure¶

The stream tries to be word and endian agnostic, allowing migration between hosts of different characteristics running the same VM.

Header

Magic

Version

VM configuration section

Machine type

Target page bits

List of sections Each section contains a device, or one iteration of a device save.

section type

section id

ID string (First section of each device)

instance id (First section of each device)

version id (First section of each device)

<device data>

Footer mark

EOF mark

VM Description structure Consisting of a JSON description of the contents for analysis only

The device data in each section consists of the data produced by the code described above. For non-iterative devices they have a single section; iterative devices have an initial and last section and a set of parts in between. Note that there is very little checking by the common code of the integrity of the device data contents, that’s up to the devices themselves. The footer mark provides a little bit of protection for the case where the receiving side reads more or less data than expected.

The ID string is normally unique, having been formed from a bus name and device address, PCI devices and storage devices hung off PCI controllers fit this pattern well. Some devices are fixed single instances (e.g. “pc-ram”). Others (especially either older devices or system devices which for some reason don’t have a bus concept) make use of the instance id for otherwise identically named devices.

Return path¶

Only a unidirectional stream is required for normal migration, however a return path can be created when bidirectional communication is desired. This is primarily used by postcopy, but is also used to return a success flag to the source at the end of migration.

qemu_file_get_return_path(QEMUFile* fwdpath) gives the QEMUFile* for the return path.

Source side

Forward path - written by migration thread Return path - opened by main thread, read by return-path thread

Destination side

Forward path - read by main thread Return path - opened by main thread, written by main thread AND postcopy thread (protected by rp_mutex)

Postcopy¶

‘Postcopy’ migration is a way to deal with migrations that refuse to converge (or take too long to converge) its plus side is that there is an upper bound on the amount of migration traffic and time it takes, the down side is that during the postcopy phase, a failure of either side or the network connection causes the guest to be lost.

In postcopy the destination CPUs are started before all the memory has been transferred, and accesses to pages that are yet to be transferred cause a fault that’s translated by QEMU into a request to the source QEMU.

Postcopy can be combined with precopy (i.e. normal migration) so that if precopy doesn’t finish in a given time the switch is made to postcopy.

Enabling postcopy¶

To enable postcopy, issue this command on the monitor (both source and destination) prior to the start of migration:

migrate_set_capability postcopy-ram on

The normal commands are then used to start a migration, which is still started in precopy mode. Issuing:

migrate_start_postcopy

will now cause the transition from precopy to postcopy. It can be issued immediately after migration is started or any time later on. Issuing it after the end of a migration is harmless.

Blocktime is a postcopy live migration metric, intended to show how long the vCPU was in state of interruptible sleep due to pagefault. That metric is calculated both for all vCPUs as overlapped value, and separately for each vCPU. These values are calculated on destination side. To enable postcopy blocktime calculation, enter following command on destination monitor:

migrate_set_capability postcopy-blocktime on

Postcopy blocktime can be retrieved by query-migrate qmp command. postcopy-blocktime value of qmp command will show overlapped blocking time for all vCPU, postcopy-vcpu-blocktime will show list of blocking time per vCPU.

Note

During the postcopy phase, the bandwidth limits set using migrate_set_parameter is ignored (to avoid delaying requested pages that the destination is waiting for).

Postcopy device transfer¶

Loading of device data may cause the device emulation to access guest RAM that may trigger faults that have to be resolved by the source, as such the migration stream has to be able to respond with page data during the device load, and hence the device data has to be read from the stream completely before the device load begins to free the stream up. This is achieved by ‘packaging’ the device data into a blob that’s read in one go.

Source behaviour¶

Until postcopy is entered the migration stream is identical to normal precopy, except for the addition of a ‘postcopy advise’ command at the beginning, to tell the destination that postcopy might happen. When postcopy starts the source sends the page discard data and then forms the ‘package’ containing:

Command: ‘postcopy listen’

The device state

A series of sections, identical to the precopy streams device state stream containing everything except postcopiable devices (i.e. RAM)

Command: ‘postcopy run’

The ‘package’ is sent as the data part of a Command: CMD_PACKAGED, and the contents are formatted in the same way as the main migration stream.

During postcopy the source scans the list of dirty pages and sends them to the destination without being requested (in much the same way as precopy), however when a page request is received from the destination, the dirty page scanning restarts from the requested location. This causes requested pages to be sent quickly, and also causes pages directly after the requested page to be sent quickly in the hope that those pages are likely to be used by the destination soon.

Destination behaviour¶

Initially the destination looks the same as precopy, with a single thread reading the migration stream; the ‘postcopy advise’ and ‘discard’ commands are processed to change the way RAM is managed, but don’t affect the stream processing.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        1      2   3     4 5                      6   7
main -----DISCARD-CMD_PACKAGED ( LISTEN  DEVICE     DEVICE DEVICE RUN )
thread                             |       |
                                   |     (page request)
                                   |        \___
                                   v            \
listen thread:                     --- page -- page -- page -- page -- page --

                                   a   b        c
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

On receipt of CMD_PACKAGED (1)

All the data associated with the package - the ( … ) section in the diagram - is read into memory, and the main thread recurses into qemu_loadvm_state_main to process the contents of the package (2) which contains commands (3,6) and devices (4…)
On receipt of ‘postcopy listen’ - 3 -(i.e. the 1st command in the package)

a new thread (a) is started that takes over servicing the migration stream, while the main thread carries on loading the package. It loads normal background page data (b) but if during a device load a fault happens (5) the returned page (c) is loaded by the listen thread allowing the main threads device load to carry on.
The last thing in the CMD_PACKAGED is a ‘RUN’ command (6)

letting the destination CPUs start running. At the end of the CMD_PACKAGED (7) the main thread returns to normal running behaviour and is no longer used by migration, while the listen thread carries on servicing page data until the end of migration.

Postcopy states¶

Postcopy moves through a series of states (see postcopy_state) from ADVISE->DISCARD->LISTEN->RUNNING->END

Advise

Set at the start of migration if postcopy is enabled, even if it hasn’t had the start command; here the destination checks that its OS has the support needed for postcopy, and performs setup to ensure the RAM mappings are suitable for later postcopy. The destination will fail early in migration at this point if the required OS support is not present. (Triggered by reception of POSTCOPY_ADVISE command)

Discard

Entered on receipt of the first ‘discard’ command; prior to the first Discard being performed, hugepages are switched off (using madvise) to ensure that no new huge pages are created during the postcopy phase, and to cause any huge pages that have discards on them to be broken.

Listen

The first command in the package, POSTCOPY_LISTEN, switches the destination state to Listen, and starts a new thread (the ‘listen thread’) which takes over the job of receiving pages off the migration stream, while the main thread carries on processing the blob. With this thread able to process page reception, the destination now ‘sensitises’ the RAM to detect any access to missing pages (on Linux using the ‘userfault’ system).

Running

POSTCOPY_RUN causes the destination to synchronise all state and start the CPUs and IO devices running. The main thread now finishes processing the migration package and now carries on as it would for normal precopy migration (although it can’t do the cleanup it would do as it finishes a normal migration).

End

The listen thread can now quit, and perform the cleanup of migration state, the migration is now complete.

Source side page maps¶

The source side keeps two bitmaps during postcopy; ‘the migration bitmap’ and ‘unsent map’. The ‘migration bitmap’ is basically the same as in the precopy case, and holds a bit to indicate that page is ‘dirty’ - i.e. needs sending. During the precopy phase this is updated as the CPU dirties pages, however during postcopy the CPUs are stopped and nothing should dirty anything any more.

The ‘unsent map’ is used for the transition to postcopy. It is a bitmap that has a bit cleared whenever a page is sent to the destination, however during the transition to postcopy mode it is combined with the migration bitmap to form a set of pages that:

Have been sent but then redirtied (which must be discarded)

Have not yet been sent - which also must be discarded to cause any transparent huge pages built during precopy to be broken.

Note that the contents of the unsentmap are sacrificed during the calculation of the discard set and thus aren’t valid once in postcopy. The dirtymap is still valid and is used to ensure that no page is sent more than once. Any request for a page that has already been sent is ignored. Duplicate requests such as this can happen as a page is sent at about the same time the destination accesses it.

Postcopy with hugepages¶

Postcopy now works with hugetlbfs backed memory:

The linux kernel on the destination must support userfault on hugepages.

The huge-page configuration on the source and destination VMs must be identical; i.e. RAMBlocks on both sides must use the same page size.

Note that -mem-path /dev/hugepages will fall back to allocating normal RAM if it doesn’t have enough hugepages, triggering (b) to fail. Using -mem-prealloc enforces the allocation using hugepages.

Care should be taken with the size of hugepage used; postcopy with 2MB hugepages works well, however 1GB hugepages are likely to be problematic since it takes ~1 second to transfer a 1GB hugepage across a 10Gbps link, and until the full page is transferred the destination thread is blocked.

Postcopy with shared memory¶

Postcopy migration with shared memory needs explicit support from the other processes that share memory and from QEMU. There are restrictions on the type of memory that userfault can support shared.

The Linux kernel userfault support works on /dev/shm memory and on hugetlbfs (although the kernel doesn’t provide an equivalent to madvise(MADV_DONTNEED) for hugetlbfs which may be a problem in some configurations).

The vhost-user code in QEMU supports clients that have Postcopy support, and the vhost-user-bridge (in tests/) and the DPDK package have changes to support postcopy.

The client needs to open a userfaultfd and register the areas of memory that it maps with userfault. The client must then pass the userfaultfd back to QEMU together with a mapping table that allows fault addresses in the clients address space to be converted back to RAMBlock/offsets. The client’s userfaultfd is added to the postcopy fault-thread and page requests are made on behalf of the client by QEMU. QEMU performs ‘wake’ operations on the client’s userfaultfd to allow it to continue after a page has arrived.

Note

There are two future improvements that would be nice:

Some way to make QEMU ignorant of the addresses in the clients address space
Avoiding the need for QEMU to perform ufd-wake calls after the pages have arrived

Retro-fitting postcopy to existing clients is possible:

A mechanism is needed for the registration with userfault as above, and the registration needs to be coordinated with the phases of postcopy. In vhost-user extra messages are added to the existing control channel.
Any thread that can block due to guest memory accesses must be identified and the implication understood; for example if the guest memory access is made while holding a lock then all other threads waiting for that lock will also be blocked.

Firmware¶

Migration migrates the copies of RAM and ROM, and thus when running on the destination it includes the firmware from the source. Even after resetting a VM, the old firmware is used. Only once QEMU has been restarted is the new firmware in use.

Changes in firmware size can cause changes in the required RAMBlock size to hold the firmware and thus migration can fail. In practice it’s best to pad firmware images to convenient powers of 2 with plenty of space for growth.
Care should be taken with device emulation code so that newer emulation code can work with older firmware to allow forward migration.
Care should be taken with newer firmware so that backward migration to older systems with older device emulation code will work.

In some cases it may be best to tie specific firmware versions to specific versioned machine types to cut down on the combinations that will need support. This is also useful when newer versions of firmware outgrow the padding.